Synergistic integration of nanostructured catalysts and MXene membranes for the energy-water nexus: a critical review of engineering scalability and circular economy pathways
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v6i3.962Keywords:
energy-water nexus, MXene membranes, nanostructured catalysts, advanced oxidation processes, desalinationAbstract
The water-energy nexus is an exponentially growing global challenge that demands novel and transformative engineering solutions at scale to address the compounding effects of industry-generated wastewater and water scarcity. The current remediation and desalination modes are becoming limited by high energy demands, long-term membrane fouling, and chemical sludge of toxic substances, requiring a shift towards a new integrated circular manufacturing and decentralized resilience. In this extensive review, the latest developments in the field of advanced nanomaterials and environmental engineering are combined to provide a detailed analysis of the synergism between two-dimensional (2D) MXene-based separation membranes and nanostructured semiconductor heterojunction catalysts. The high-throughput molecular sieving in advanced desalination application in tunable interlayer spacing of titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂Tₓ) MXene and the strategic architecture design of heterojunctions, such as ZnFe₂O₄, Ni-doped ZnO, and TiO₂/g-C₃N₄, to suppress the recombination of charge carriers generated under visible-light irradiation for rapid mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants. Moreover, this review takes the important step of closing the gap between fundamental discoveries of materials and their scalability to industrial applications by conducting a comprehensive techno-economic assessment and life cycle analysis of these novel technologies in the context of the circular economy. This work provides a clear pathway for future research on green synthesis, covalent membrane stabilization, and process optimization through artificial intelligence, marking a new era of energy-efficient and sustainable water reclamation systems and green energy production.
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Copyright (c) 2027 Niaz Ali, Ajmal Shah, Abid Ullah, Zia Ullah, Uzma Batool, Noor Nisha, Maheen Zahoor, Esha Noor, Shahabuddin, Sara Bibi
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