Biological concrete in modern civil construction: Advances, applications, and challenges — A narrative review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v5i11.918Keywords:
bioconcrete, sustainable infrastructure, biomineralization, eco-friendly materials, concrete repair, civil engineeringAbstract
Concrete and mortar are among the most widely used construction materials worldwide; however, their susceptibility to crack formation significantly compromises structural durability and increases maintenance costs. Although crack formation cannot be entirely prevented, several remediation techniques have been developed. Conventional repair methods, including chemical sealants and polymer-based materials such as epoxy resins, often present environmental concerns, potential health risks, and limited long-term effectiveness. Consequently, sustainable and durable alternatives have gained increasing attention in recent years. Among these alternatives, microbial self-healing concrete has emerged as a promising technology due to its ability to autonomously repair cracks through biologically induced calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation. This process is primarily mediated by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria capable of surviving within the concrete matrix and producing mineral deposits that seal cracks, restore structural integrity, and enhance durability. Compared with traditional repair techniques, microbial self-healing systems offer advantages such as prolonged effectiveness, reduced maintenance requirements, and lower environmental impact. This narrative review examines the mechanisms involved in microbial CaCO3 production and discusses the application of bioconcrete in civil construction. The review covers the characteristics of conventional concrete, the main pathological manifestations affecting concrete structures, current remediation strategies, and recent advances in the development of high-performance bioconcrete. Furthermore, the potential of biological concrete as a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology for modern civil construction is critically evaluated. The findings highlight the significant role of microbial-based self-healing materials in improving infrastructure longevity while supporting more sustainable construction practices.
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