Formulation and evaluation of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil nanoemulsion: Effects on Tribolium castaneum, wheat growth, and molecular docking for pest control
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v4i3.712Keywords:
eugenol, invertase, lethal concentration, Syzygium aromaticum essential oil, Tribolium castaneumAbstract
The nanoemulsion was prepared using ethanol (3%), the biosurfactant Tween 80 (5%), and water (80%), which together constituted 20% (v/v) of the nanoemulsion. The toxicity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) essential oil nanoemulsion was evaluated against the population of Tribolium castaneum in terms of LC50 (lethal concentration), which was determined to be 112.93 ppm. The impact of the clove essential oil nanoemulsion formulated at LC50 on wheat germination and seedling growth was assessed using a pot test. Results showed that the treatment inhibited wheat seedling growth and reduced the overall growth rate. Additionally, the metabolites of adult T. castaneum beetles were analyzed following exposure to a sub-lethal concentration (LC20) of the clove oil nanoemulsion. The sub-lethal dose significantly decreased glycogen and glucose levels in all adult beetles while increasing invertase activity and total protein in resistant populations throughout the exposure period. These metabolic changes highlight the biochemical impact of the nanoemulsion. A molecular docking study was conducted to predict the mode of action of the major components of the essential oil and nanoemulsion, namely eugenol and α-humulene, at the binding site of the enzyme alkaline acid phosphatase of Tribolium castaneum. The results provide insights into the molecular interactions between insect-plant compounds and their effects at the biochemical level. These findings suggest the potential of clove essential oil nanoemulsion as a natural, eco-friendly solution for sustainable pesticide management in stored grain facilities. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need to understand the side effects on both animals and humans to ensure safe applications.
References
Abadi, A. V. M., Karimi, E., Oskoueian, E., Mohammad, G. R. K. S., & Shafaei, N. (2022). Chemical investigation and screening of anti-cancer potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. bud (clove) essential oil nanoemulsion. Biotech, 12(2), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03117-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03117-2
Aboelhadid, S. M., & Youssef, I. M. (2021). Control of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) in feeds and commercial poultry diets via using a blend of clove and lemongrass extracts. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 30111-30120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12426-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12426-7
Alam, P., Ansari, M. J., Anwer, M. K., Raish, M., Kamal, Y. K., & Shakeel, F. (2017). Wound healing effects of nanoemulsion containing clove essential oil. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 45(3), 591-597. https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2016.1163716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/21691401.2016.1163716
Afshar, F. H., Maggi, F., Iannarelli, R., Cianfaglione, K., & Isman, M. B. (2017). Comparative toxicity of Helosciadium nodiflorum essential oils and combinations of their main constituents against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera). Industrial Crops and Products, 98, 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.01.004
Al-Zereini, W. A., Al-Trawneh, I. N., Al-Qudah, M. A., TumAllah, H. M., Abudayeh, Z. H., & Hijazin, T. (2023). Antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merri and Perry essential oil with identification of its chemical constituents. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 78(3-4), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155812 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2022-0056
Ambreena, H., Tanzeela, R., & Shakoori, F. R. (2017). Metabolic profile of a stored grain pest Trogoderma granarium exposed to deltamethrin. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49(1), 191-196.
Atta, B., Rizwan, M., Sabir, A. M., Gogi, M. D., & Ali, K. (2020). Damage potential of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on wheat grains stored in hermetic and non-hermetic storage bags. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 40(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-019-00047-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-019-00047-0
Arthur, F. H., Bean, S. R., Smolensky, D., Gerken, A. R., Siliveru, K., Scully, E. D., & Baker, N. (2020). Development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on sorghum milling fractions. Journal of stored products research, 87, 101606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101606
Aghbash, B. N., Pouresmaeil, M., Dehghan, G., Nojadeh, M. S., Mobaiyen, H., & Maggi, F. (2020). Chemical composition, antibacterial and radical scavenging activity of essential oils from Satureja macrantha CA Mey. at different growth stages. Foods, 9(4), 494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101606 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040494
Gigliolli, A. A. S., Julio, A. H. F., & Conte, H. (2016). The life cycle of Gregarina cuneata in the midgut of Tribolium castaneum and the effects of parasitism on the development of insects. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 106(2), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485315001121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485315001121
Gao, F., Qi, Y., Hamadou, A. H., Zhang, J., Manzoor, M. F., Guo, Q., & Xu, B. (2022). Enhancing wheat-flour safety by detecting and controlling red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 17(2), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-022-01371-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-022-01371-3
Gupta, A., Eral, H. B., Hatton, T. A., & Doyle, P. S. (2016). Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications. Soft Matter, 12(11), 2826-2841. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2016/sm/c5sm02958a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SM02958A
Gupta, I., Singh, R., Muthusamy, S., Sharma, M., Grewal, K., Singh, H. P., & Batish, D. R. (2023). Plant essential oils as biopesticides: Applications, mechanisms, innovations, and constraints. Plants, 12(16), 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162916
Hafiz, A., Riaz, T., & Shakoori, F. R. (2017). Metabolic profile of a stored grain pest Trogoderma granarium exposed to deltamethrin. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.183.188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.183.188
Haro-González, J. N., Castillo-Herrera, G. A., Martínez-Velázquez, M., & Espinosa-Andrews, H. (2021). Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, chemical composition, food applications, and essential bioactivity for human health. Molecules, 26(21), 6387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216387
Hashem, A. S., Ramadan, M. M., Abdel-Hady, A. A., Sut, S., Maggi, F., & Dall’Acqua, S. (2020). Pimpinella anisum essential oil nanoemulsion toxicity against Tribolium castaneum? Shedding light on its interactions with aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase by molecular docking. Molecules, 25(20), 4841. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204841
Hassan, M. W., Sarwar, G., Farooqi, M. A., & Jamil, M. (2021). Extent and pattern of damage in wheat caused by three different species of storage insect pests. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 41, 593-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00246-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00246-0
Herndon, N., Shelton, J., Gerischer, L., Ioannidis, P., Ninova, M., Dönitz, J., & Bucher, G. (2020). Enhanced genome assembly and a new official gene set for Tribolium castaneum. BMC genomics, 21, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6394-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6394-6
Islam, M., Hasan, M. M., Xiong, W., Zhang, S., and Lei, C. (2009). Fumigant and repellent activities of essential oil from Coriandrum sativum (L.) (Apiaceae) against red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Pest Science, 82, 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-008-0236-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-008-0236-7
Klingler, M., & Bucher, G. (2022). The red flour beetle T. castaneum: elaborate genetic toolkit and unbiased large scale RNAi screening to study insect biology and evolution. EvoDevo, 13(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-022-00201-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-022-00201-9
Kozłowska, M., Ziarno, M., Rudzińska, M., Majcher, M., Małajowicz, J., & Michewicz, K. (2022). The effect of essential oils on the survival of Bifidobacterium in in vitro conditions and in fermented cream. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1067. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031067
Kluch, M., Socha-Banasiak, A., Pacześ, K., Borkowska, M., & Czkwianianc, E. (2020). The role of disaccharidases in the digestion-diagnosis and significance of their deficiency in children and adults. Pol Merkur Lekarski, 49(286), 275-278.
Moghaddam, M., & Mehdizadeh, L. (2017). Chemistry of essential oils and factors influencing their constituents. In Soft Chemistry and Food Fermentation (pp. 379-419). Academic Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811412-4.00013-8
Maggini, V., Semenzato, G., Gallo, E., Nunziata, A., Fani, R., & Firenzuoli, F. (2024). Antimicrobial activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil in human health treatment. Molecules, 29(5), 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29050999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29050999
Naseri, A., Marinho, G. S., Holdt, S. L., Bartela, J. M., & Jacobsen, C. (2020). Enzyme-assisted extraction and characterization of protein from red seaweed Palmaria palmata. Algal Research, 47, 101849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101849
Oulebsir, C., Mefti-Korteby, H., Djazouli, Z. E., Zebib, B., & Merah, O. (2022). Essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. Leaves: Composition, antioxidant activity, elastase and collagenase inhibition. Agronomy, 12(6), 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061466
Riaz, T., Shakoori, F. R., Ali, S. S., & Saleem, M. A. (2021). Phosphine induced abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism and macromolecular concentrations of Trogoderma granarium everts over various exposure periods. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 53(6), 2227. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20200622212133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20200622212133
Salgueiro, L., Martins, A. P., & Correia, H. (2010). Raw materials: the importance of quality and safety. A review. Flavor and Fragrance Journal, 25(5), 253-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1973
Shahavi, M. H., Hosseini, M., Jahanshahi, M., Meyer, R. L., & Darzi, G. N. (2019). Evaluation of critical parameters for preparation of stable clove oil nanoemulsion. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(8), 3225-3230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.024
Shahbazi, Y. (2019). Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of nanoemulsion of clove essential oil. Nanomedicine Research Journal, 4(4), 204-208. https://doi.org/10.22034/nmrj.2019.04.001
Sharma, R., Rao, R., Kumar, S., Mahant, S., & Khatkar, S. (2019). Therapeutic potential of citronella essential oil: a review. Current Drug Discovery Technologies, 16(4), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163815666180718095041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163815666180718095041
Sonar, S. S., Londhe, S. D., & Chougale, A. K. (2021). Influence of magnetic field on the midgut invertase of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Journal of Scientific Research, 65(2). https://doi.org/10.37398/JSR.2021.650224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37398/JSR.2021.650224
Stathas, I. G., Sakellaridis, A. C., Papadelli, M., Kapolos, J., Papadimitriou, K., & Stathas, G. J. (2023). The effects of insect infestation on stored agricultural products and the quality of food. Foods, 12(10), 2046. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12102046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12102046
Stein, R. A., & Mchaourab, H. S. (2022). SPEACH_AF: Sampling protein ensembles and conformational heterogeneity with Alphafold2. PLOS Computational Biology, 18(8), e1010483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010483
Upadhyay, N., Singh, V. K., Dwivedy, A. K., Das, S., Chaudhari, A. K., & Dubey, N. K. (2019). Assessment of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil as an eco-friendly approach against biodeterioration of wheat flour caused by Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 14036-14049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04688-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04688-z
Zhang, S., Zhang, M., Fang, Z., and Liu, Y. (2017). Preparation and characterization of blended cloves/cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions. LWT, 75, 316-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.08.046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.08.046
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Laraib Zafar Iqbal, Farhan Ikhtiar, Muhammad Usman Farooq, Muhammad Faheem Faraz, Tanzeela Riaz, Ahmed Haider, Rana Hissan Ullah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
