Blood profile and liver histopathological analysis of broiler chickens fed dried cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale L.)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v3i8.629Keywords:
broiler, cashew apples, blood profile, liver histologyAbstract
This study utilized a total of 210 one-day-old chicks to evaluate the blood profile and liver histopathology of Ross 308 broiler chickens fed diets containing Dried Cashew Apples (DCA). The chicks were allocated into seven treatment groups, each consisting of three replicates of 10 birds. The experimental design used a (2 x 3) +1 augmented factorial in a completely randomized arrangement. Diet 1 was the control (maize-soybean meal-based), while diets 2, 3, and 4 contained 10%, 20%, and 30% DCA without enzyme supplementation. Diets 5, 6, and 7 contained 10%, 20%, and 30% DCA with exogenous microbial enzyme supplementation. Data on haematological indices, serum biochemical indices, and liver histology were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 25, with means separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test of the same statistical package at p < 0.05. The results indicated that DCA inclusion, with or without enzymes, significantly influenced all haematological parameters except MCV, showing lower PCV, Hb concentration, and RBC counts in DCA groups compared to the control. Enzyme supplementation at 20% DCA increased PCV, while at 10% and 30% DCA, it decreased Hb concentrations and increased WBC counts at 30% DCA, with varying effects on neutrophils and lymphocytes. Serum biochemistry showed that DCA inclusion affected all parameters except AST, with the highest ALT values in birds on 10% DCA without enzymes and the lowest in the control group. Enzyme supplementation significantly influenced AST, ALT, TP, globulin, albumin, urea, and creatinine levels, particularly at 20% DCA. Liver histology showed no lesions in control birds but varying degrees of necrosis, inflammation, atrophy, and congestion in DCA-fed birds, worsening with higher DCA and enzyme levels. In conclusion, broilers can tolerate 10% DCA in their diet, but higher levels lead to physiological stress, necessitating careful consideration of DCA inclusion levels to maintain bird health and welfare.
References
Adegoke, A. V., Abimbola, M. A., Sanwo, K. A., Egbeyale, L. T., Abiona, J. A., Oso, A. O., & Iposu, S. O. (2018). Performance and blood biochemistry profile of broiler chickens fed dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder and cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) powders as antioxidants. Veterinary and Animal Science, 6, 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2018.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2018.07.005
Adriani, L., Mushawwir, A., Kumalasari, C., Nurlaeni, L., Lesmana, R., & Rosani, U. (2021). Improving blood protein and albumin levels using dried probiotic yoghurt in broiler chicken. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 14(5), 1022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54319/jjbs/140521
Akyereko, Y. G., Yeboah, G. B., Wireko-Manu, F. D., Alemawor, F., Mills-Robertson, F. C., & Odoom, W. (2023). Nutritional value and health benefits of cashew apple. JSFA Reports, 3(3), 110-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsf2.107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsf2.107
Alagawany, M., Attia, A. I., Ibrahim, Z. A., Mahmoud, R. A., & El-Sayed, S. A. (2017). The effectiveness of dietary sunflower meal and exogenous enzyme on growth, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, and blood chemistry of broilers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 12319-12327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8934-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8934-4
Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., & Farag, M. R. (2017). The role of exogenous enzymes in promoting growth and improving nutrient digestibility in poultry. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 19(3), 157-164. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6184034/
Alhotan, R. A. (2021). Commercial poultry feed formulation: Current status, challenges, and future expectations. World's Poultry Science Journal, 77(2), 279-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1891400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1891400
Bacou, E., Walk, C., Rider, S., Litta, G., & Perez-Calvo, E. (2021). Dietary oxidative distress: A review of nutritional challenges as models for poultry, swine and fish. Antioxidants, 10(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040525
Beigh, Y. A., Ganai, A. M., Mir, M. S., Ahmad, I., Amin, U., & Mehraj, F. (2018). Haemato-biochemical characteristics of lambs on dietary feed additives (exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, Artemisia absinthium Linn.) supplementation. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 27, 1473-1485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2759-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2759-5
Çalıșlar, S. (2018). Effects of tannins on poultry nutrition. KSÜ Tarim ve Doga Dergisi, 21(4), 615-623. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20203131546
Cruz-Reina, L. J., Durán-Aranguren, D. D., Forero-Rojas, L. F., Tarapuez-Viveros, L. F., Durán-Sequeda, D., Carazzone, C., & Sierra, R. (2022). Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple juice and bagasse from Colombian varieties. Heliyon, 8(5), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09528
Dacie, J. V., & Lewis, S. M. (2017). Practical haematology (12th Edition.) Elsevier Limited, 18-48 p.
Dakuyo, R., Konaté, K., Kaboré, K., Sanou, A., Konkobo, F. A., Bazié, D., & Dicko, M. H. (2023). Ascorbic acid, pigments, anti-nutritional factors, and nutraceutical potential of Anacardium occidentale fruits as affected by temperature. International Journal of Food Properties, 26(1), 471-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2022.2163661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2022.2163661
de Souza Nakagi, V., Amaral, C. M. C. D., Stech, M. R., De Lima, A. C. F., Harnich, F. A. R., Laurentiz, A. C., & Pizauro Júnior, J. M. (2013). Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in broiler chicks fed with different levels of phytase and non-phytate phosphorus. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 41(2), 229-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2012.738224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2012.738224
Emiola, I. A., Ojediran, T. K., & Ajayi J. A. (2013). Biochemical and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed differently processed legume seed meals. International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research, 9(1-2), 140-149.
Hannoodee, S., & Nasuruddin, D. N. (2024). Acute inflammatory response. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Jain, N. C. (1986). Veterinary Haematology 4th edition. Lea and Febiger publishers, Philadelphia, USA.
Jamkhandea, P. G., Tolsarwada, G. S., & Tidkeb, P. S. (2013). Herbal hepatotoxicity: A review on phytochemical induced liver injury. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(8), S106-S110. https://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.38.S16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.38.S16
Jha, R., & Mishra, P. (2021). Dietary fibre in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: A review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0
Kang, P., Hang, Y., Chen, C., Pan, Y., Wang, Q., & Hua, X. (2023). Effects of replacing fishmeal with rapeseed meal and dietary condensed tannins on antioxidant capacity, immunity, and hepatic and intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture Reports, 30, 101548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101548
Kpomasse, C. C., Oke, O. E., Houndonougbo, F. M., & Tona, K. (2021). Broiler production challenges in the tropics: A review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 7(3), 831-842. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.435
Liang, Q., Yuan, M., Xu, L., Lio, E., Zhang, F., Mou, H., & Secundo, F. (2022). Application of enzymes as a feed additive in aquaculture. Marine Life Science & Technology, 4(2), 208-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00128-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-022-00128-z
Majdeddin, M., Braun, U., Lemme, A., Golian, A., Kermanshahi, H., De Smet, S., & Michiels, J. (2023). Effects of feeding guanidino-acetic acid on oxidative status and creatine metabolism in broilers subjected to chronic cyclic heat stress in the finisher phase. Poultry Science, 102(6), 102653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102653
Malech, H. L., Deleo, F. R., & Quinn, M. T. (2014). The role of neutrophils in the immune system: an overview. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.), 1124, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-845-4_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-845-4_1
Marín-García, P. J., Llobat, L., López-Lujan, M. C., Cambra-López, M., Blas, E., & Pascual, J. J. (2022). Urea nitrogen metabolite can contribute to implementing the ideal protein concept in monogastric animals. Animals, 12(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182344
Mega, A., Marzi, L., Kob, M., Piccin, A., & Floreani, A. (2021). Food and Nutrition in the Pathogenesis of Liver Damage. Nutrients, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041326
Miller, M. A., & Zachary, J. F. (2017). Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death. Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 2-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35775-3.00001-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35775-3.00001-1
Obidah, L. U., Maspalma, A. J., Shall, M. P., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Haematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens fed processed or raw tropical sickle pod (Senna obtusifolia) seed meal based-diets. Life Science Journal, 17(1), 74-82. https://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/lsj170120/12_35244lsj170120_80_91.pdf
Onabanjo, R. S., Ojewola, G. S., Onunkwo, D. N., Adedokun, O. O., Ewa, E. U., Nzotta, A. O., & Safiyu, K. K. (2021). Performance of broiler chickens fed rice milling waste-based diets. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48(2), 148-161. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i2.2943 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i2.2943
Orakpoghenor, O., Avazi, D. O., Markus, T. P., & Olaolu, O. S. (2019). Lymphocytes: a brief review. SCIRES Lit, 3(1), 005-008. https://www.sciresliterature.org/Immunology/SJII-ID17.pdf
Oyekola, O. S., Olagoke, C., Ojediran, T. K., & Emiola, I. A. (2024). The effects of incorporating dried cashew apple in the diet of broiler chickens on growth performance, total tract digestibility, and gut health. Brazilian Journal of Science, 3(7), 59-75. https://doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v3i7.607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v3i7.607
Oyewole, B. O., Rotimi, E. A., Anthony, F. O., & Adewumi, J. (2017). Performance and blood parameters of starter broilers fed diets containing cashew pulp meal. FUDMA Journal of Agricultural Technology, 3, 87-92.
Peters, T., Biomont, C. T., & Doumas, B. T. (1982). Protein (total protein) in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid, albumin in serum: In selected methods of clinical chemistry, volume 9. Faulkner, W. R., & Meites, S. (eds.) Washington D.C. American Association of Clinical Chemists.
Qaid, M. M., & Al-Garadi, M. A. (2021). Protein and amino acid metabolism in poultry during and after heat stress: A review. Animals, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041167
Ramteke, R., Doneria, R., and Gendley, M. K. (2019). Antinutritional factors in feed and fodder used for livestock and poultry feeding. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health, 3(5), 39-48.
Rej, R., & Hoder, M. (1983). Aspartate transaminase. In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3rd ed., (H.U.) Bergmeyer, J., Bergmeyer, & Grassl, M. Eds., Weinhein Verlag-Chemie, 3, 416-433 p.
Salazar, J. H. (2014). Overview of urea and creatinine. Laboratory medicine, 45(1), e19-e20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1309/LM920SBNZPJRJGUT
Squirewell, E. J., Mareus, R., Horne, L. P., Stacpoole, P. W., & James, M. O. (2020). Exposure of rats to multiple oral doses of dichloroacetate results in upregulation of hepatic glutathione transferases and NAD (P) H dehydrogenase [Quinone] 1. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 48(11), 1224-1230. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.120.000143
Sugiharto, S. (2016). Role of nutraceuticals in gut health and growth performance of poultry. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 15(2), 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.06.001
Swain, B. K., Sundaram, R. N. S., & Barbuddhe, S. B. (2007). Effect of feeding cashew apple waste replacing maize on the performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Poultry Sciences, 42(2), 208-210. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20083060158
Thirumalaisamy, G., Muralidharan, J., Senthilkumar, S., Sayee, R. H., & Priyadharsini, M. (2016). Cost-effective feeding of poultry. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 5(6), 3997-4005.
Tijani, L. A., Akanji, A. M., Agbalaya, K., & Onigemo, M. (2015). Haematological and serum biochemical profiles of broiler chickens fed diets containing moringa leaf meals. Agro-Science, 14(3), 7-11. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/as/article/view/149053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v11i3.8167
Ugwuanyi, J. O. (2016). Enzymes for nutritional enrichment of agro-residues as livestock feed. In: Agro-Industrial wastes as feedstock for enzyme production, 233-260 p. Academic Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802392-1.00010-1
Villatoro, V., To, M. (2021). A laboratory guide to clinical haematology. Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, LibreTextsTM California, USA.
Vimalraj S. (2020). Alkaline phosphatase: Structure, expression and its function in bone mineralization. Gene, 754, 144855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.144855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.144855
Yisa, I. K., Longe, O. G., & Oshibanjo, O. (2018). Haematology and performance characteristics of broiler chickens fed dried cashew apple as replacement for maize. In: Proceeding 43rd Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production, March 18th-22nd 2018, FUT Owerri.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Oluwatosin Solomo Oyekola, Favour Oluwasetemi Oyekanmi, Olayemi Christianah Olagoke, Taiwo Kayode Ojediran, Isiaka Adewale Emiola
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
