Proximate, vitamin and GC-MS profiling of Kigelia africana fruit powder

Taiwo Kayode Ojediran; I. A. Emiola; V. Durojave; John Olujimi Alagbe

doi:10.14295/cerrado.v1i1.556

Authors

Taiwo Kayode Ojediran Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-200X
I. A. Emiola Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4767-6449
V. Durojave Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Ogbomoso, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7182-4096
John Olujimi Alagbe Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-6144

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14295/cerrado.v1i1.556

Keywords:

Kigella africana fruit, phytochemicals, proximate, vitamins, chemicals

Abstract

Phytochemicals come from plants and are generally recognized as safe which make them good candidates to be used as feed additives in livestock production. These compounds are non-toxic, effective, environmentally friendly and it performs several biological activities viz: antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, immune-stimulatory, hepato-protective, antiviral amongst others. This study was carried out to examine the proximate, vitamin and bioactive profiling of Kigelia africana fruit powder. Results on proximate of the sample revealed the presence of moisture 10.33%, dry matter 89.67%, crude protein 7.98%, crude fibre 2.71%, ether extract 2.10%, ash 5.49% and carbohydrate 72.06%. Vitamin composition of Kigelia africana fruit powder showed that it contained vitamin A 4.24 iu/100 g, vitamin B1 82.9 mg100 g, vitamin B2 25.1 µg/100 g, vitamin B3 49.6 µg/100 g, vitamin B6 143.1 µg/100 g, vitamin B9 6.70 µg/100 g, vitamin B12 3.90 µg/100 g, vitamin C 5.86 µg/100 g, vitamin D 124.4 iu/100 g, vitamin E 44.2 mg/100 g and vitamin K 39.2 iu/100 g. Bioactive profiling by GC/MS revealed the presence of 19 compounds. These compounds have different therapeutic properties with 2-Dimethylsilyloxytetradecane 27.42% as a major compound followed by 3,7-dimethyl- Pentaerythritol 22.08%, 9-Octadecenoic acid 14.84%, Cyclopropaneoctanal 12.60%, Allyl fluoride 4.50%, 2-hydroxy- Propanenitrile 3.80%, 9-Octadecenoic acid 3.60%, 2-octyl- 6-Octadecenoic acid 2.48%, 2- Chloropropionic acid 2.42%, 1-Tricosene 2.19%, 13-Octadecenal 1.28%, Dimethyl Urethane 1.19%, 2,2-dimethyl-Cyclohexanol 0.57%, 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate 0.40%, Hexanoic acid 0.30%, 2-Chloroethyl 1-propynyl sulfoxide 0.12%, 10-Azido-1-decanethiol Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid 0.10%, Isopropylcyclobutane 0.10% and Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid 0.01%. It was concluded that Kigelia africana fruit powder is loaded with several nutrient and could be used as a natural alternative to antibiotics in animal production.

References

Abioye, A. A., Ojediran T. K., & Emiola, I. A. (2017). Fermented African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meals: Effect of residual anti-nutrients on the blood profile, organ weight and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS), 10(12), 1-7.

Adewale, A. O., Alagbe, J. O., Adeoye, A. G. (2021). Dietary supplementation of Rauvolfia vomitoria root extract as a phytogenic feed additive in growing rabbit diets: Haematology and serum biochemical indices. International Journal of Orange Technologies, 3(3), 1-12.

Agyare, C., Dwobeng, A. S., Agyepong, N., Boakye, Y. D., Mensah, K. B., Ayande, P. G., & Adarkwa-Yiadom, M. (2013). Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Wound Healing Properties of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. and Strophanthus hispidus DC. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/692613

Alagbe, J. O., Sharma, R., Ojo, E. A., Shittu, M. D., & Atanda, B. K. (2020). Chemical evaluation of the proximate, minerals, vitamins and phytochemical analysis of Daniellia oliveri stem bark. International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies, 2(1), 16-22. https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijbpcs/article/view/106

Alagbe, J. O., Alagbe, J. O., & Tijani, T. D. (2019). Effects of dried Centella asiatica leaf meal as a herbal feed additive on the growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. International Journal of Animal Research, 3(23), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.55014/pij.v1i4.52

Alagbe, J. O. (2019). Proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of Piliostigma stem bark and roots. International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies, 1(1), 8-15. https://www.al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/ijbpcs/article/view/366

Alagbe, J. O. (2022). Characterization of bioactive compounds in Luffa aegyptiaca leaf ethanolic extracts using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Food Science & Applied Microbiology Reports, 1(2), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.61363/fsamr.v1i2.53

Alagbe, J. O. (2023). Bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Strychnos innocua root using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Drug Discovery, 17, e4dd1005. https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v17i39.e4dd1005

Alagbe, J. O (2022). Use of medicinal plants as a panacea to poultry production and food security: A review. American

Journal of Technology and Applied Sciences, 1, 24-36.

Arockia, J., Uthayakumari, F., & Mohan, F. (2012). GC/MS determination of bioactive components of Sauropus bacciformis Blume. Journal of Current Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(4), 347-358.

Asensi-Fabado, M. A., & Munne´-Bosch, S. (2010). Vitamins in plants: occurrence, biosynthesis and antioxidant function. Trends Plant Science, 15(10), 582- 592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.07.003

Atawodi, S., & Olowoniyi, O. D. (2015). Pharmacological and therapeutic activities of Kigelia africana fruit powder. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 5(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2015/8632

Awa, E. P., Ibrahim, S., & Ameh, D. A. (2012). GC/MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract from the stem bark of Annona senegalensis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(11), 4213-4218.

Bharti, N., Singh, S., Fermida, N., & Amir, A. (2006) Isolation and in vitro anti-amoebic activity of iridoids isolated from Kigelia. Arkivoc, X, 69-76.

Bello, I., Shehu, M., Musa, M., Asmawi, M., & Mahmud, R. (2016). Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Sausage tree): Phytochemistry and pharmacological review of a quintessential African traditional medicinal plant. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 189, 253-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.049

Chivandi, E., Davidson, B., & Erlwanger, K. (2011). Kigelia africana seed: proximate, mineral, vitamin E, fibre, amino acid and fatty acid composition. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 46(10), 2153-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02730.x

Combs, G. F. (2007). Vitamin B3. In: The Vitamins. Academic Press, Waltham, MA.

Edeoga, H. O., Okwu, D. E., & Mbabie, B. O. (2005). Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal mangrove plant from Indian Sundarbian estuary. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 6(32), 685-688. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3127

Imran, I. Z., Elusiyan, C. A., Agbedahunsi, J. M., & Omisore, N. O. (2021). Bioactivity-directed evaluation of fruit of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Used in treatment of malaria in Iwo, Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 268, 113680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113680

Jan, D.V. (2021). Phytogenics – be one step spread with plant derived feed additives. International Poultry Magazine, 4(3), 2-4.

Jolliffe, D. A., Griffiths, C. J., & Martineau, A. R. (2013). Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: systematic review of clinical studies. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 136, 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.017

Kala, S. M., Balasubramanian, T., Tresina, P., & Mohan, V. R. (2011). GC-MS determination of bioactive components of Sauropus bacciformis Blume. International Journal of Chemical Research, 3, 1534-1537.

Klavina, L., Springe, G., Nikolajeva, V., Martsinkevich, I., & Naturte, I. (2015). Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity screening of Moss extracts. Molecules, 20(9), 17221-17243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200917221

Kurosu, M., & Begari, E. (2010). Vitamin K2 in electron transport system: are enzymes involved in vitamin K2 biosynthesis promising drug targets? Molecules, 15(3), 1531-1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15031531

Lalitharani, S., Mohan, V. R., Regini, C. S., & Kalidass, C. (2009). GC-MS determination of bioactive components of Sauropus bacciformis Blume. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 3, 159-161.

Lanska, D. J. (2010). Chapter 30: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: the water-soluble B vitamins. Handbook Clinical Neurology, 95, 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0072-9752(08)02129-5

Mangrove-Abayomi, O. E., Kenneth, E., & Mkaparu, K. I. (2014). Chemometric profiling of methanolic extract of Cinddoscolus aconitifoliuus using UV-Vis FTIR and GC-MS techniques. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 2(1), 6-12.

Maqbool, M. A., Aslam, M., Akbar, W., & Iqbal, Z. (2017). Biological importance of vitamins for human health: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Basic Science, 2(3), 50-58.

McDowell, L. R., (2000). Vitamins in animal and human nutrition. 2nd Edi., Iowa State University Press/Ames

Neergheeen, V. S., Soobratte, M. A., Bahorun, T., & Aruoma, O. I. (2006). Characterization of the phenolic constituents in Mauritian endemic plants as determinants of their antioxidant activities in vitro. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(8), 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.09.009

Ojediran J. T., Ojediran, T. K., Fanifosi, G. E., Adeola, R. G., Ajao, O. A., Babarinde, S. A., Ajiboye, O., Shittu, M. D., Olayeni, T. B., Odunsi, A. A., Emiola, I. A., Olabode, S. O., Akanbi, W. B., & Ajayi, A. F. (2021). Impact of covid 19 public health containment measures (lockdown) Southwest Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Animal Production, 48(4), 240-252. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i4.3012

Ojediran, T. K., & Emiola, I. A. (2012). Consequences of defattening and cooking on the proximate and mineral composition of Jatropha curcas Kernel Meal. International Journal of Phytofuels and other Allied Sciences, 1(1), 27-34.

Ojediran, T. K., Olayiwola, S., Adeyeye, M., Ajayi, A. F., & Emiola, I. A. (2020). Effects of palm kernel meal-based diet with or without enzyme supplementation on growth performance, economic benefits and villi morphometry of weaned pigs. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences, 35(2), 129-139.

Oseni, O. A., & William, O. D. (2018). In vitro compositional investigation of antioxidants, phytochemicals, nutritional and minerals in the fruit of Kigelia africana fruit powder. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 9(8), 20259-20268. https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/08/585

Oyelami, O. A., Yusuf, K. O., & Oyelami, A. O. (2012). The use of Kigelia africana in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Chinese Medicine, 03(01), 1-3.

Sharma, S., John, A. O., Xing. L., Ram, S., & Amita, K. (2022). Comparative analysis of ethanolic Juniperus thurifera leaf, stem bark and root extract using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production, 2(6), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.55529/ijaap.26.18.27

Shearer, M. J., Fu, X., & Booth, S. L. (2012). Vitamin K nutrition, metabolism, and requirements: current concepts and future research. Advances in Nutrition, 3(2), 182-95. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001800

Shittu, M. D., & Alagbe, J. O. (2020). Phyto-nutritional profiles of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. International Journal of Integrated Education, 3(11), 119-124.

Subavathy, P., & Thilaga, R. D. (2015). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds from whole body of methanolic extract of Cyprarea arabica. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 5(3), 800-806.

Usman, H., & Usuji, J. C. (2007). Phytochemical and in vitro antimicrobial assay of the leaf extracts of Newbouldia leavis. African Journal of Traditional Products, 4(4), 476-480. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v4i4.31240

Yang, X. F., Zeng, F. D., & Zholi, Z. B. (2013). In vitro release and antibacterial activity of poly (oleic/linoleic acid dimer: sebacic acid)-gentamicin. Acta Pharmacological Sinica, 24(4), 306-310.